Independent Peptide Research Reference

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PeptideInsight reviews published scientific research on therapeutic peptides. Each compound is assessed using a standardized evidence framework and linked to its source publications. 216 peptides currently reviewed.

All Peptides

Peptide	Description	Evidence	Status
Abaloparatide (Tymlos) Tissue Repair	Abaloparatide is a synthetic 34-amino acid analog of PTHrP(1-34) that selectively activates the PTH1R receptor to stimul...	Strong	FDA Approved
Adrenomedullin (AM, ADM) Metabolic	Adrenomedullin is a 52-amino acid vasodilatory peptide discovered in 1993 from human pheochromocytoma tissue. It plays c...	Strong	Phase II
Afamelanotide (Scenesse) Skin & Anti-Aging	Afamelanotide is a synthetic 13-amino-acid analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and a first-in-cla...	Strong	FDA Approved
Alpha-MSH (Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone) Metabolic	Alpha-MSH is a 13-amino-acid endogenous neuropeptide derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC), acting as a non-selective ...	Strong	Phase II
Amylin (IAPP) Cognition	Amylin (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, IAPP) is a 37-amino acid neuroendocrine peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin from...	Strong	FDA Approved
Beta-Endorphin Neuropeptide	Beta-endorphin is a 31-amino-acid endogenous opioid neuropeptide derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) that serves as ...	Strong	Preclinical
Bivalirudin (Angiomax, Angiox) Anticoagulant	Bivalirudin is a synthetic 20-amino acid peptide and bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) modeled on the leech antic...	Strong	FDA Approved
Bortezomib (Velcade, PS-341) Proteasome Inhibitor	Bortezomib is a first-in-class, reversible inhibitor of the 26S proteasome that contains a boronic acid dipeptide pharma...	Strong	FDA Approved
Bradykinin Vasoactive Peptide	Bradykinin is an endogenous vasoactive nonapeptide of the kallikrein-kinin system that signals through B1 and B2 G prote...	Strong	FDA Approved
Cagrilintide (AM833) Weight Loss	Cagrilintide (AM833, NN9838) is an investigational long-acting acylated amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk for the ...	Strong	Phase III
Calcitonin (Miacalcin / Fortical) Tissue Repair	Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid peptide hormone produced by thyroid C-cells that inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorpt...	Strong	FDA Approved
Carfilzomib (Kyprolis, PR-171) Proteasome Inhibitor	Carfilzomib is a second-generation tetrapeptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor derived from the natural product epoxom...	Strong	FDA Approved
Cetrorelix (Cetrotide) Reproductive Hormones	Cetrorelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist that competitively blocks pituitary LHRH receptors, producing imme...	Strong	FDA Approved
CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) Neuropeptide	CGRP is a 37-amino-acid neuropeptide and the most potent endogenous vasodilator known. Produced by alternative splicing ...	Strong	FDA Approved
Collagen Peptides (Hydrolyzed Collagen) Skin Health	Collagen peptides are a heterogeneous mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides (2-6 kDa) produced by enzymatic hydrolysi...	Strong	Phase II
Daptomycin (Cubicin) Antimicrobial	Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces roseosporus, FDA-approved in 2003 as...	Strong	FDA Approved
Degarelix (Firmagon) Hormonal Therapy	Degarelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist that produces immediate testosterone suppression without t...	Strong	FDA Approved
Dulaglutide (Trulicity) Metabolic	Dulaglutide is a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist consisting of a modified human GLP-1 analog covalently fused to a mo...	Strong	FDA Approved
Dynorphin Neuropeptide	Dynorphin is a family of endogenous opioid neuropeptides derived from the precursor protein prodynorphin, serving as the...	Strong	Preclinical
EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) Tissue Repair	Epidermal Growth Factor is a 53-amino-acid polypeptide that stimulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival...	Strong	FDA Approved
Endothelin-1 Cardiovascular	Endothelin-1 is an endogenous 21-amino-acid peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells, first discovered by Yanagisa...	Strong	FDA Approved
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon, T-20) Antimicrobial	Enfuvirtide is a first-in-class 36-amino acid synthetic peptide HIV-1 fusion inhibitor that binds the HR1 domain of gp41...	Strong	FDA Approved
Enkephalins (Met-Enkephalin & Leu-Enkephalin) Neuropeptide	Enkephalins are endogenous opioid pentapeptides discovered in 1975 by Hughes and Kosterlitz, derived from the proenkepha...	Strong	Preclinical
Eptifibatide (Integrilin) Antiplatelet	Eptifibatide is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) receptor antagonist derived from the...	Strong	FDA Approved
Erenumab (Aimovig) Monoclonal Antibody	Erenumab (Aimovig) is a fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody and the first FDA-approved therapy targeting the CGRP recep...	Strong	FDA Approved
Exenatide (Byetta / Bydureon) Metabolic	Exenatide is a 39-amino acid GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4, a peptide isolated from Gila monster (Helode...	Strong	FDA Approved
Exendin-4 Metabolic	Exendin-4 is a 39-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the venom (salivary secretions) of the Gila monster lizard...	Strong	FDA Approved
Fremanezumab (Ajovy) Monoclonal Antibody	Fremanezumab (Ajovy) is a fully humanized IgG2-delta-a monoclonal antibody that selectively binds both alpha- and beta-C...	Strong	FDA Approved
Galcanezumab (Emgality) Monoclonal Antibody	Galcanezumab (Emgality) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that selectively binds the calcitonin gene-related pepti...	Strong	FDA Approved
Ganirelix (Orgalutran/Antagon) Reproductive Hormones	Ganirelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist that competitively blocks pituitary LHRH receptors, producing immed...	Strong	FDA Approved
Glatiramer Acetate (Copaxone) Immunomodulatory	Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is a synthetic random copolymer of four amino acids -- L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyros...	Strong	FDA Approved
Glucagon Metabolic	Glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that serves as the primary counter-regula...	Strong	FDA Approved
Gonadorelin (GnRH) Reproductive Hormones	Gonadorelin is the synthetic form of endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hypothalamic decapeptide that c...	Strong	Phase II
Goserelin (Zoladex) Hormonal	Goserelin is a synthetic GnRH superagonist decapeptide administered as a biodegradable subcutaneous depot implant (Zolad...	Strong	FDA Approved
Human Growth Hormone (HGH, Somatotropin) Growth Hormone	Human growth hormone (hGH, somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, 22 kDa single-chain polypeptide secreted by somatotroph ce...	Strong	FDA Approved
Icatibant (Firazyr) Bradykinin Receptor Antagonist	Icatibant is a synthetic decapeptide and selective, competitive bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist approved for the acute...	Strong	FDA Approved
Insulin Aspart (NovoRapid / NovoLog) Metabolic	Insulin aspart is a rapid-acting human insulin analog produced by recombinant DNA technology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae...	Strong	FDA Approved
Insulin Degludec (Tresiba) Metabolic	Insulin degludec is an ultra-long-acting basal insulin analog produced by recombinant DNA technology in Saccharomyces ce...	Strong	FDA Approved
Insulin Glargine (Lantus / Basaglar / Toujeo) Metabolic	Insulin glargine is a long-acting basal insulin analog produced by recombinant DNA technology, differing from human insu...	Strong	FDA Approved
Insulin Lispro (Humalog) Metabolic	Insulin lispro is the first rapid-acting insulin analog, developed by Eli Lilly and approved by the FDA in June 1996. It...	Strong	FDA Approved
Kisspeptin-54 (Metastin) Reproductive Hormones	Kisspeptin-54 (metastin) is a 54-amino acid neuropeptide encoded by the KISS1 gene that acts as the master upstream regu...	Strong	Phase II
Lanreotide (Somatuline) Hormonal Regulation	Lanreotide is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin that preferentially activates SSTR2 and SSTR5 recept...	Strong	FDA Approved
Leuprolide (Lupron, Eligard) Reproductive Hormones	Leuprolide (leuprorelin) is a synthetic nonapeptide GnRH superagonist approximately 20-fold more potent than native GnRH...	Strong	FDA Approved
Linaclotide (Linzess/Constella) Gastrointestinal	Linaclotide is a synthetic 14-amino-acid peptide and first-in-class guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist approved by the F...	Strong	FDA Approved
Liraglutide (Victoza / Saxenda) Metabolic	Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with 97% homology to native human GLP-1, modified with a C-16 palmitic acid chai...	Strong	FDA Approved
Lixisenatide (Adlyxin / Lyxumia) Metabolic	Lixisenatide is a once-daily, short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4, consisting of 44 amino acids w...	Strong	FDA Approved
Macimorelin (Macrilen) Growth Hormone	Macimorelin is an orally active, synthetic ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist approved by the FDA in December 2017 as th...	Strong	FDA Approved
Mazdutide (IBI362 / LY3305677) Weight Loss	Mazdutide (IBI362/LY3305677) is a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist peptide co-developed by Innovent Biologics and El...	Strong	FDA Approved
Mecasermin (Increlex) Growth Hormone	Mecasermin is recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) produced in E. coli and approved by the FDA in 20...	Strong	FDA Approved
Nafarelin (Synarel) Reproductive Hormones	Nafarelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH superagonist with a D-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine substitution at position 6, approx...	Strong	FDA Approved
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Neuropeptide	Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino-acid endogenous neuropeptide and the most abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian brain. Dis...	Strong	Preclinical
Octreotide (Sandostatin) Hormonal Regulation	Octreotide is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin that preferentially activates SSTR2 and SSTR5 recept...	Strong	FDA Approved
Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Neuropeptide	Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) is a 33-amino-acid neuropeptide produced by a small population of neurons in the lateral hypotha...	Strong	Phase II
Pasireotide (Signifor) Hormonal Regulation	Pasireotide (SOM230) is a second-generation multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analog with high affinity for SSTR1, SST...	Strong	FDA Approved
Plecanatide (Trulance) Gastrointestinal	Plecanatide is a synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide and guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist approved by the FDA for chronic ...	Strong	FDA Approved
Plerixafor (Mozobil, AMD3100) Cxcr4 Antagonist	Plerixafor (AMD3100, Mozobil) is a synthetic bicyclam compound and selective CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist. Origin...	Strong	FDA Approved
Pramlintide (Symlin) Metabolic	Pramlintide (Symlin) is a 37-amino acid synthetic analog of human amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide, IAPP) with three pr...	Strong	FDA Approved
PT-141 Sexual Health	PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic peptide analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. It was approved by the FDA...	Strong	FDA Approved
Retatrutide Weight Loss	Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a first-in-class triple agonist of the GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors developed by Eli Li...	Strong	Phase III
Romidepsin (Istodax, FK228, Depsipeptide) Hdac Inhibitor	Romidepsin is a bicyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor originally isolated from the soil bacterium C...	Strong	FDA Approved
Secretin Gastrointestinal	Secretin is a 27-amino acid peptide hormone produced by S cells of the duodenum — the first hormone ever identified (Bay...	Strong	FDA Approved
Semaglutide Weight Loss	Semaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk for the treatmen...	Strong	FDA Approved
Setmelanotide Weight Loss	Setmelanotide (Imcivree) is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist developed by Rhythm Ph...	Strong	FDA Approved
Somatostatin (SRIF / SST-14 / SST-28) Hormonal Regulation	Somatostatin is a cyclic peptide hormone discovered by Brazeau and Guillemin in 1973 that functions as a universal inhib...	Strong	FDA Approved
Substance P Neuropeptide	Substance P is an endogenous undecapeptide neuropeptide of the tachykinin family that signals primarily through the neur...	Strong	FDA Approved
Survodutide (BI 456906) Weight Loss	Survodutide (BI 456906) is a dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim in collaboration wit...	Strong	Phase III
Teduglutide (Gattex) Gastrointestinal	Teduglutide is a recombinant analog of human glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) with a single amino acid substitution (Ala2...	Strong	FDA Approved
Teriparatide (Forteo, PTH 1-34) Tissue Repair	Teriparatide is a recombinant 34-amino acid N-terminal fragment of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) that acts as a PTH1R ...	Strong	FDA Approved
Thymosin Alpha-1 Immune Modulation	Thymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin) is a 28-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue. It is...	Strong	FDA Approved
Tirzepatide Weight Loss	Tirzepatide is a first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly. It is a 39-amino acid synthetic ...	Strong	FDA Approved
Triptorelin (Trelstar / Decapeptyl) Reproductive Hormones	Triptorelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH superagonist with a D-tryptophan substitution at position 6, approximately 1...	Strong	FDA Approved
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Neuropeptide	Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide of the glucagon/secretin superfamily, discovered by ...	Strong	Phase II
Vosoritide (Voxzogo) Growth Factors	Vosoritide is a modified analog of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) engineered with a 35-amino acid extension that confe...	Strong	FDA Approved
Ziconotide (Prialt) Analgesic	Ziconotide is a synthetic 25-amino acid conopeptide derived from the venom of the marine cone snail Conus magus, FDA-app...	Strong	FDA Approved
ACE-031 (ACVR2B-Fc) Tissue Repair	ACE-031 is a recombinant fusion protein (ACVR2B extracellular domain + human IgG1-Fc) that acts as a soluble decoy recep...	Moderate	Phase II
Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) Skin & Anti-Aging	Argireline is a synthetic hexapeptide modeled after the N-terminal domain of SNAP-25, a protein targeted by botulinum to...	Moderate	Preclinical
BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) Neurotrophin	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a 27.8 kDa secreted homodimeric neurotrophin of the NGF family, synthesized ...	Moderate	Phase II
BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) Tissue Repair	BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice. It has been exte...	Moderate	Preclinical
Brilacidin (PMX-30063) Antimicrobial	Brilacidin is a synthetic, non-peptide defensin-mimetic small molecule and arylamide foldamer designed to replicate the ...	Moderate	Phase II
C-Peptide (Connecting Peptide) Metabolic	C-Peptide (Connecting Peptide) is a 31-amino acid polypeptide cleaved from proinsulin during insulin biosynthesis in pan...	Moderate	Phase II
Capromorelin Growth Hormone	Capromorelin is a potent, orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist that mimics ...	Moderate	FDA Approved
Cathelicidin Family Antimicrobial	Cathelicidins are an evolutionarily conserved family of cationic host-defense peptides defined by a highly conserved N-t...	Moderate	Phase II
Copper Tripeptide-1 (AHK-Cu) Skin & Anti-Aging	Copper Tripeptide-1 refers to a family of copper-chelated tripeptides used in skin and hair care, encompassing both GHK-...	Moderate	Preclinical
Danuglipron Weight Loss	Danuglipron (PF-06882961) is an orally bioavailable, non-peptide, small-molecule glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1...	Moderate	Preclinical
Elamipretide Mitochondrial	Elamipretide (SS-31, MTP-131, formerly Bendavia, marketed as FORZINITY) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide develope...	Moderate	Phase II
Enclomiphene Citrate Serm	Enclomiphene citrate is the purified trans-(E)-stereoisomer of clomiphene, a non-steroidal selective estrogen receptor m...	Moderate	Phase II
FGL (FG Loop Peptide) Neuroprotective	FGL is a 15-amino acid synthetic peptide derived from the second fibronectin type III (FnIII) module of neural cell adhe...	Moderate	Preclinical
Follistatin-315 (FST-315) Tissue Repair	Follistatin-315 (FST-315) is the predominant circulating isoform of follistatin, a naturally occurring glycoprotein that...	Moderate	Preclinical
Follistatin-344 (FST-344) Tissue Repair	Follistatin-344 is a naturally occurring 344-amino-acid glycoprotein (~38 kDa) that functions as a potent antagonist of ...	Moderate	Phase II
FOXO4-DRI (Proxofim) Longevity	FOXO4-DRI is a 46-residue all-D-amino-acid retro-inverso peptide that selectively induces apoptosis in senescent cells b...	Moderate	Preclinical
Galanin Neuropeptide	Galanin is a 29-amino acid (30 in humans) neuropeptide discovered by Kazuhiko Tatemoto and Viktor Mutt in 1983 from porc...	Moderate	Preclinical
GHK (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine) Skin & Anti-Aging	GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a naturally occurring human tripeptide discovered by Loren Pickart in 1973 from huma...	Moderate	Preclinical
GHK-Cu Skin & Anti-Aging	GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. Found in human plasma, sali...	Moderate	Preclinical
GHRP-2 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2, Pralmorelin) Growth Hormone	GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that activates the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a...	Moderate	FDA Approved
GHRP-6 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6) Growth Hormone	GHRP-6 is the original synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide, a hexapeptide that stimulates GH secretion by activat...	Moderate	Preclinical
Hexarelin Growth Hormone	Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that binds the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) to stimulate ...	Moderate	Phase II
Kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10) Reproductive Health	Kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10) is the shortest biologically active fragment of the kisspeptin family, a decapeptide (10 amino aci...	Moderate	Phase II
KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) Anti Inflammatory	KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is the C-terminal tripeptide fragment (residues 11-13) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-...	Moderate	Preclinical
Larazotide (AT-1001) Gastrointestinal	Larazotide (AT-1001) is a first-in-class synthetic octapeptide derived from Vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin (Zot)...	Moderate	Phase III
LGD-4033 (Ligandrol / VK5211) Sarm	LGD-4033 is a non-steroidal small-molecule selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), NOT a peptide. It is included i...	Moderate	Phase II
LL-37 (Cathelicidin) Antimicrobial	LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino acid amphipathic alpha-helical peptide released f...	Moderate	Phase II
Magainin-2 Antimicrobial	Magainin-2 is a 23-amino acid cationic antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin of the African clawed frog Xenopus l...	Moderate	Preclinical
Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4) Skin & Anti-Aging	Matrixyl is the trade name for palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (Pal-KTTKS), a lipopeptide derived from the C-terminal propeptid...	Moderate	Preclinical
Melanotan II (MT-II) Skin & Anti-Aging	Melanotan II (MT-II) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) devel...	Moderate	Preclinical
Melittin Antimicrobial	Melittin is a 26-amino acid amphipathic peptide that constitutes approximately 40-60% of the dry weight of European hone...	Moderate	Preclinical
MK-677 (Ibutamoren) Growth Hormone	MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is a potent, orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin by agonizing...	Moderate	Phase II
MVT-602 (Kisspeptin Receptor Agonist) Reproductive Health	MVT-602 is a synthetic kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R/GPR54) agonist developed by Myovant Sciences (now part of Sumitomo Ph...	Moderate	Phase II
Myostatin (GDF-8) Tgf Beta Superfamily	Myostatin (Growth Differentiation Factor 8, GDF-8) is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily and the most-studied endogeno...	Moderate	Phase II
Nesiritide (Natrecor) Cardiovascular	Nesiritide is a recombinant form of human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a 32-amino acid cardiac hormone that activat...	Moderate	FDA Approved
Neurotensin Neuropeptide	Neurotensin is an endogenous 13-amino acid tridecapeptide first isolated from bovine hypothalamus by Carraway and Leeman...	Moderate	Phase II
Noopept (Omberacetam) Cognition	Noopept (N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, GVS-111, omberacetam) is a synthetic dipeptide nootropic developed ...	Moderate	FDA Approved
OGP (Osteogenic Growth Peptide) Bone Metabolism	Osteogenic Growth Peptide (OGP) is a naturally occurring 14-amino acid peptide (ALKRQGRTLYGFGG) identical to residues 89...	Moderate	Preclinical
Orforglipron (LY3502970) Metabolic	Orforglipron (LY3502970) is an oral non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly for type 2 diabetes and ob...	Moderate	Phase III
Ostarine (MK-2866 / Enobosarm) Sarm	IMPORTANT: Ostarine is a non-steroidal small-molecule SARM (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator), NOT a peptide. It is...	Moderate	Phase II
Oxyntomodulin Metabolic	Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a 37-amino acid peptide hormone derived from the proglucagon gene, secreted by intestinal L-cells...	Moderate	Phase II
P21 (CNTF-Derived Peptide) Neuroprotective	P21 is a small modified tetrapeptide (Ac-DGGL, also designated P021 in some publications) derived from the active region...	Moderate	Preclinical
PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide) Neuropeptide	Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide of the VIP/secretin/glucagon superfamily, e...	Moderate	Phase II
Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK) Skin & Anti-Aging	Palmitoyl tripeptide-1 is a synthetic lipopeptide consisting of the matrikine tripeptide GHK (glycyl-histidyl-lysine) co...	Moderate	Preclinical
PE-22-28 (Spadin Analog) Neuroprotective	PE-22-28 is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of spadin, a naturally occurring peptide derived from the maturation of the ...	Moderate	Preclinical
Pemvidutide (ALT-801) Weight Loss	Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist peptide developed by Altimmune for the treatment of obes...	Moderate	Phase II
Pentosan Polysulfate (Elmiron) Gastrointestinal	Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) is a semi-synthetic sulfated xylan polysaccharide derived from beechwood hemicellulose...	Moderate	FDA Approved
Peptide YY Metabolic	Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid gut hormone released by enteroendocrine L-cells in the ileum and colon in response t...	Moderate	Phase II
Pexiganan (MSI-78) Antimicrobial	Pexiganan (MSI-78) is a 22-amino acid synthetic analog of magainin-2, the antimicrobial peptide discovered in Xenopus la...	Moderate	Phase II
Pidotimod Immunomodulatory	Pidotimod (3-L-pyroglutamyl-L-thiozolidine-4-carboxylic acid) is a synthetic dipeptide immunostimulant approved in sever...	Moderate	FDA Approved
Relamorelin (RM-131) Gastrointestinal	Relamorelin (RM-131) is a synthetic pentapeptide ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist developed for the treatment of diabe...	Moderate	Phase II
Sermorelin Growth Hormone	Sermorelin is a 29-amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminal segment of human growth hormone-releasin...	Moderate	Phase II
TB-500 Tissue Repair	TB-500 is a synthetic peptide product marketed as corresponding to the active region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), but it is...	Moderate	Preclinical
Tesofensine Obesity	Tesofensine is a small-molecule triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, NOT a peptide. Included for cross-community relevan...	Moderate	approved in Mexico (Tesomet for hypothalamic obesity + Prader-Willi)
Thymopentin Immune Modulation	Thymopentin (TP-5) is a synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) corresponding to residues 32-36 of the 49-amino aci...	Moderate	FDA Approved
Thymosin Beta-4 Tissue Repair	Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino acid actin-sequestering peptide found in virtually all nucleated mammalian cells. It...	Moderate	Phase II
Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3 Skin & Anti-Aging	Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3 is a synthetic biomimetic tetrapeptide (Ac-Lys-Gly-His-Lys-NH2) designed to stimulate extracellula...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Adipotide (FTPP) Weight Loss	Adipotide (FTPP) is a synthetic chimeric peptidomimetic composed of a prohibitin-binding homing domain (CKGGRAKDC) linke...	Preliminary	Phase I
AHK-Cu (Alanyl-Histidyl-Lysine Copper) Skin & Anti-Aging	AHK-Cu (alanyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper(II)) is a synthetic copper tripeptide variant in which alanine replaces the gl...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Angiotensin-(1-7) Metabolic	Angiotensin-(1-7) is an endogenous heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin system that acts via the Mas receptor to counte...	Preliminary	Phase II
AOD-9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug 9604) Weight Loss	AOD-9604 is a synthetic 16-amino acid peptide corresponding to the C-terminal fragment (amino acids 177-191) of human gr...	Preliminary	Phase II
ARA-290 (Cibinetide) Tissue Repair	ARA-290 (cibinetide) is a synthetic 11-amino acid peptide derived from the helix-B domain of erythropoietin that selecti...	Preliminary	Phase II
Biotinoyl Tripeptide-1 (Biotinyl-GHK) Skin & Anti-Aging	Biotinoyl tripeptide-1 is a cosmeceutical peptide formed by conjugating biotin (vitamin B7) to the tripeptide GHK (glycy...	Preliminary	Preclinical
BPC-157 Arginate (BPC-157 Arginine Salt) Tissue Repair	BPC-157 arginate is the arginine salt form of BPC-157, a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric juice. Th...	Preliminary	Preclinical
CJC-1295 Growth Hormone	CJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) with amino acid substitutions that improve met...	Preliminary	Preclinical
DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) Sleep	DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a naturally occurring nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit cerebral venous bloo...	Preliminary	Preclinical
HGH Fragment 176-191 Weight Loss	HGH Fragment 176-191 is a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal 16 amino acids (residues 176-191) of human g...	Preliminary	Preclinical
IGF-1 DES (Des(1-3) IGF-1) Growth Factor	IGF-1 DES (Des(1-3) IGF-1) is a naturally occurring truncated variant of insulin-like growth factor 1 missing the first ...	Preliminary	Preclinical
IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) Growth Factor	IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) is a synthetic 83-amino acid analog of human IGF-1 engineered with two ...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Ipamorelin Growth Hormone	Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue that acts on the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). Unlike earlier GH sec...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Leuphasyl (Pentapeptide-18) Skin & Anti-Aging	Leuphasyl (Pentapeptide-18, INCI name) is a synthetic pentapeptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu) with structural similarity to...	Preliminary	Preclinical
MGF (Mechano Growth Factor, IGF-1Ec) Growth Factor	Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) is a splice variant of the IGF-1 gene (IGF-1Ec in humans, IGF-1Eb in rodents) that is transi...	Preliminary	Preclinical
N-Acetyl Selank Cognition	N-Acetyl Selank is an acetylated derivative of Selank, the synthetic anxiolytic and nootropic heptapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-...	Preliminary	Preclinical
N-Acetyl Semax Cognition	N-Acetyl Semax is an acetylated derivative of Semax, the synthetic heptapeptide nootropic and neuroprotective agent (Met...	Preliminary	Preclinical
N-Acetyl Semax Amidate Cognition	N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a dual-modified derivative of Semax bearing both N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidati...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Nonapeptide-1 Skin & Anti-Aging	Nonapeptide-1 is a synthetic nine-amino-acid peptide designed as a competitive antagonist of alpha-melanocyte-stimulatin...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR, Rigin) Skin & Anti-Aging	Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR) is a synthetic lipopeptide consisting of the tetrapeptide Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg conjugated...	Preliminary	Preclinical
PEG-MGF (PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor) Musculoskeletal	PEG-MGF is a PEGylated (polyethylene glycol-conjugated) form of Mechano Growth Factor (MGF), a splice variant of insulin...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Selank Cognition	Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) derived from the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide tu...	Preliminary	Phase II
Semax Cognition	Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from the ACTH(4-10) fragment, developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics...	Preliminary	Preclinical
SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3) Skin & Anti-Aging	SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3) is a synthetic octapeptide developed by Lipotec (now Lubrizol) as a next-generation evolut...	Preliminary	Preclinical
SYN-AKE (Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate) Skin & Anti-Aging	SYN-AKE is a synthetic tripeptide (dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate) developed by Pentapharm (now DSM) as...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Testagen Reproductive Hormones	Testagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly, KEDG) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the Saint Petersburg Ins...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Thymulin Immune Modulation	Thymulin (Facteur Thymique Serique, FTS) is a zinc-dependent nonapeptide (pGlu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn) exclusiv...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Tuftsin Immune Modulation	Tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) is an endogenous tetrapeptide derived from the CH2 domain of the IgG heavy chain (residues 289...	Preliminary	Preclinical
Vesugen Cardiovascular	Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp, KED) is a synthetic tripeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the Saint Petersburg Institute o...	Preliminary	Preclinical
5-Amino-1MQ Weight Loss	5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme that regulates cellular ...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Apelin-13 Metabolic	Apelin-13 is the shortest and most potent isoform of the apelin peptide family, a 13-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of p...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Bronchogen Respiratory	Bronchogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu, AEDL) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. P...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Cardiogen Cardiovascular	Cardiogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg, AEDR) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Pe...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Cartalax Musculoskeletal	Cartalax (Ala-Glu-Asp, AED) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Cortagen Neuroprotective	Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, AEDP) is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Pet...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Dihexa Nootropic	Dihexa is a metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analog developed at Washington State University that potentiates hep...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Humanin Neuroprotective	Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 16S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA, di...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Livagen Anti Aging	Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala, KEDA) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Instit...	Preclinical	Preclinical
MOTS-c Metabolic	MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 12S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA, dis...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Ovagen Liver Health	Ovagen (Glu-Asp-Leu, EDL) is a synthetic tripeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of B...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Prostamax Prostate Health	Prostamax (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro, KEDP) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Inst...	Preclinical	Preclinical
Anamorelin (ONO-7643) Growth Hormone	Anamorelin is a non-peptide, orally active, selective ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist developed for cancer-associated...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Bremelanotide Sexual Health	Bremelanotide is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Carnosine Antioxidant	Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is an endogenous dipeptide concentrated in skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue, and the ...	Insufficient	Phase II
Cerebrolysin Neuroprotection	Cerebrolysin is an injectable mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids derived from enzymatic ...	Insufficient	Phase III
Cerluten Neuroprotective	Cerluten is a natural peptide bioregulator complex extracted from the cerebral cortex of young calves, developed by Vlad...	Insufficient	Phase I
Chonluten Respiratory	Chonluten (Glu-Asp-Gly, EDG) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersbur...	Insufficient	Preclinical
Colistin (Polymyxin E) Antimicrobial	Colistin (polymyxin E) is a cationic cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic discovered in 1949 in Japan, active exclusively again...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Cortexin Neuroprotection	Cortexin is a lyophilized polypeptide complex extracted from the cerebral cortex of cattle and pigs, manufactured by Ger...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Crystagen Immune System	Crystagen (Glu-Asp-Pro, EDP) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersbur...	Insufficient	Preclinical
Davunetide (NAP, AL-108, CP201) Neuroprotection	Davunetide (NAP, AL-108, CP201) is an ADNP-derived neuroprotective octapeptide (NAPVSIPQ) that stabilizes microtubules a...	Insufficient	Phase II
Desmopressin Vasopressin Analog	Desmopressin (1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin, DDAVP) is a synthetic structural analog of the endogenous antidiureti...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Endoluten Anti Aging	Endoluten is a natural peptide bioregulator complex extracted from the pineal gland of young calves, developed by Vladim...	Insufficient	Phase I
Epitalon Longevity	Epitalon (Epithalon, AEDG) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) designed by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues a...	Insufficient	investigational-non-approved
Epithalon Anti Aging	Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute ...	Insufficient	Preclinical
GDF-11 (Growth Differentiation Factor 11) Longevity	Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF-11), also known as BMP-11, is a ~12.5 kDa (monomer) secreted protein of the TGF-be...	Insufficient	Preclinical
Ghrelin Endocrine	Ghrelin is an endogenous 28-amino acid orexigenic peptide hormone produced principally by X/A-like cells of the gastric ...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone) Growth Hormone	Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as somatorelin (INN) or growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), is a ...	Insufficient	Phase II
GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) Metabolic	GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide, historically known as Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) is a 42-amino-a...	Insufficient	investigational-endogenous-hormone
Glandokort Endocrine	Glandokort is a natural peptide bioregulator complex extracted from the adrenal glands of young calves, developed by Vla...	Insufficient	Phase I
GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1) Metabolic	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous 30- or 31-amino-acid incretin hormone produced primarily by intestinal ...	Insufficient	endogenous-hormone
Glutathione Antioxidant	Glutathione (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is a ubiquitous endogenous tripeptide and the most abundant non-prote...	Insufficient	Phase II
GW-501516 (Cardarine) Ppar Agonist	GW-501516 is a PPARδ agonist small molecule, NOT a peptide and NOT a SARM. Included for research-chemical community cros...	Insufficient	abandoned
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) Gonadotropin	Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone composed of a 92-amino-acid alpha subunit and a 145-amino-a...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Immunofan (Arginyl-Alpha-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Valyl-Tyrosyl-Arginine) Immune System	Immunofan (imunofan) is a synthetic hexapeptide immunomodulator with the sequence arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-valyl-tyr...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Insulin Endocrine	Insulin is a 51-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and pro...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Irisin Metabolic	Irisin is an approximately 112-amino acid (~12 kDa) exercise-induced myokine produced by proteolytic cleavage of the tra...	Insufficient	Preclinical
Leptin Endocrine	Leptin is a 167-amino acid adipokine encoded by the LEP (OB) gene, secreted primarily by white adipose tissue, that sign...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Melanotan-1 (MT-1) Melanocortin	Melanotan-1 (MT-1) is the original research-chemical designation for [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH (NDP-alpha-MSH), a linear ...	Insufficient	approved-as-afamelanotide
NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) Neurotrophin	Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is the prototypical neurotrophin, discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen (1986 N...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Oxytocin Neuroendocrine	Oxytocin is an endogenous cyclic nonapeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituit...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Pancragen Metabolic	Pancragen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, KEDW) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Inst...	Insufficient	Preclinical
Pinealon Neuroprotective	Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg, EDR) is a synthetic tripeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of...	Insufficient	Preclinical
RAD-140 (Testolone) Sarm	RAD-140 is a non-steroidal small-molecule SARM, NOT a peptide. Included for research-chemical community crossover. Origi...	Insufficient	Phase II
Relaxin-2 (Serelaxin) Cardiovascular	Relaxin-2 is a 6 kDa endogenous peptide hormone of the insulin superfamily, secreted by the corpus luteum during pregnan...	Insufficient	Preclinical
Retinalamin Neuroprotective	Retinalamin is a polypeptide complex extracted from bovine retinal tissue, developed by Vladimir Khavinson and Svetlana ...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
S-4 (Andarine) Sarm	S-4 is a non-steroidal small-molecule SARM, NOT a peptide. Included for community crossover. Known adverse effect: visua...	Insufficient	investigational-abandoned
SR9009 (Stenabolic) Rev Erb Agonist	SR9009 is a REV-ERB agonist small-molecule research chemical, NOT a peptide. Critical issue - oral bioavailability of SR...	Insufficient	investigational-no-clinical
SS-31 (Elamipretide) Mitochondrial Protection	SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondri...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Terlipressin Vasopressin Analog	Terlipressin is a synthetic 12-amino-acid cyclic vasopressin analog and V1 receptor-selective agonist that acts as a pro...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Tesamorelin Growth Hormone	Tesamorelin is a 44-amino acid synthetic analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) with a trans-3-hexenoic...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Thymalin Immune System	Thymalin is a polypeptide complex extracted from bovine thymus gland, developed by Vladimir Khavinson and Vyacheslav Mor...	Insufficient	Phase II
Thymogen Immune Modulation	Thymogen (L-Glu-L-Trp, EW) is a synthetic dipeptide immunomodulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson's group, identified ...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Vasopressin Neuroendocrine	Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin, AVP) is an endogenous cyclic nonapeptide hormone synthesized in hypothalamic magnocel...	Insufficient	FDA Approved
Vilon Immune Modulation	Vilon (Lys-Glu, KE) is a synthetic dipeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioreg...	Insufficient	Preclinical

Evidence Levels

Strong: Human RCTs, meta-analyses

Moderate: Limited human data

Preliminary: Consistent animal studies

Preclinical: In-vitro or very limited

Research Guide

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